One to two tiny branches may leave the nerve to enter the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. It emerges in the posterosuperior aspect of the nasal cavity where it supplies the mucosa of the superior nasopharynx. It leaves the fossa posteroinferiorly through the palatovaginal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery. At the pterygopalatine ganglion receives parasympathetic fibers that supply pharyngeal mucosal glands which arrive at the ganglia via the greater petrosal nerve. The pharyngeal nerve divides off the maxillary division just after emerging from the foramen rotundum to enter the pterygopalatine fossa. Hyoglossus lingual artery middle constrictor stylohyoid triticeal cartilage.The pharyngeal nerve is a small branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and contributes to the pterygopalatine ganglion. The fiber arrangement suggested that, besides constriction of the pharynx, the ascending and descending fibers of the middle constrictor can act as an elevator muscle, and the irregular attachments could affect the functions of the muscles and vessels. The ascending and descending fibers rarely reached the top of the pharynx and the thyroid cartilage, respectively.
The three groups were inserted into the pharyngeal raphe, and the descending fibers joined the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles. The pharyngeal plexus lies within the external fascia of the pharynx 3 on the posterolateral wall of the pharynx in the retropharyngeal space 7.It lies mainly over the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle 4,5 although it spreads its branches over the dorsolateral surface of the both the superior and middle constrictors, and lower branches descend onto the inferior constrictor 6. Some fibers attached to the hyoglossus, occasionally to the stylohyoid and the posterior belly of the digastric, but seldom to the lingual artery and the triticeal cartilage in the thyrohyoid ligament. The posteroinferior group fanned out from the posterior part of the greater horn, while the middle constrictor arose internally to the hyoglossus some fibers often passed externally, and their fibers sometimes intersected around the lingual artery, which ran between them. The middle group ascended posterosuperiorly from the greater horn and fanned out. The anterosuperior group ascended posterosuperiorly from the ligament and the lesser horn and fanned out. The middle constrictor arose from the stylohyoid ligament and the hyoid bone, and its fibers were divided into three overlapping groups. The gross anatomies of the pharyngeal and neighboring muscles were examined in 41 cadavers. This study investigated the attachments of the middle constrictor to clarify its configuration and re-examine its functions. Such arrangements make the interrelationships among pharyngeal muscles complicated. Posterior to cranial nerves IX, X, and XI, the upper portion of internal jugular vein exits the jugular fossa. The pharyngeal muscles overlap each other and some of their parts have different areas of origin. Cranial nerve IX travels posteriorly along the stylopharyngeus muscle and enters the space between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle as the stylopharyngeus muscle does.
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